Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Can Entrepreneurship Be Taught - 1355 Words

GROUP 3 PRESENTATION Question 3 †¢ Can we teach entrepreneurship and bring some entrepreneurial awareness and changes among individuals. Give evidence Approach in answering the Question †¢ Definition of Entrepreneurship †¢ Entrepreneurship education †¢ Approaches to teach entrepreneurship †¢ Conclusion The concept of entrepreneurship There is no universal agreed definition of entrepreneurship. However, Entrepreneurship is defined differently by different scholars. Schumpeter (1934) defines Entrepreneurship as a person’s ability to be innovative in terms of goals, methods of production, markets, sources of supply and industrial organization. The concept of entrepreneurship cont†¦. Also, Craven (2008) believes that all successful†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The University of Illinois’s Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership describes entrepreneurship as â€Å"a process that can lead to creative solutions to social problems or the formation of new and innovative enterprises.† †¢ As such, entrepreneurship â€Å"spans opportunity recognition and resource acquisition and leads to innovation and invention.† The key aspects of entrepreneurship Three aspects of the entrepreneurial process are identified in these definitions: †¢ Opportunity identification and recognition, †¢ Resource acquisition and †¢ Innovation. The key aspects of entrepreneurship cont.. †¢ Schumpeter’s interpretation of entrepreneurship includes all three of these aspects, while Schultz’s idea of adjustment to exogenous economic change is largely covered by opportunity recognition and resource acquisition. †¢ Knight’s, Kirzner’s, and Schultz’s concepts of entrepreneurship also suggest a fourth aspect: the management of existing resources in a new or established organization. The key aspects of entrepreneurship cont.. †¢ All these aspects of entrepreneurship involve bearing uncertainty, as suggested by Cantillon and Knight . How are these aspects of entrepreneurship taught? Let us consider each aspect in turn ï  ¶Identifying andShow MoreRelatedEntrepreneurship As An Entrepreneur, Real World Experience Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesEntrepreneurship is a topic that is heavily debated in regards to if it can be taught or not. The word Entrepreneurship originates from a French word that means to undertake. In the business sense, it is defined in the Merriam-Webster dictionary as one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise. Since entrepreneurship is an appealing career path, people want to know if they can be taught it or if it is something they have intrinsically. The objective of this essayRead MoreEntrepreneurship Is A Nature Or Nurture Process Essay1468 Words   |  6 PagesEntrepreneurship is a complex field of study in business that sparks much debate. One prominent discussion relates to whether entrepreneurship is a nature or nurture process. In order to answer this question, entrepreneurship must first be defined. As it is a multi-faceted field that spans across a wide range of contexts, there is no agreed definition of entrepreneurship (Schaper, 2014). For the context of this essay, however, it is a process that brings together a team- with a leading entrepreneur-Read MoreEntrepreneurship By Bruce. R. Barringer832 Words   |  4 Pages Entrepreneurship has become the new buzz in town. The new cool thing. But the question that has been popping up a lot these days is, ‘Can it really be taught?’ Is it a trait that one is born with or is it a trade that can be taught. Entrepreneurship is a growing field which has a constantly changing definition. It’s a wide spectrum and new improvements are made to it, every day. The word entrepreneur derives from the French words entre, meaning â€Å"between,† and prendre, meaning â€Å"to take.† The wordRead MoreEntrepreneurship Education Of Chemical Engineering1591 Words   |  7 PagesEntrepreneurship Education in Chemical Engineering Economic trends and rapidly changing hiring conventions are fueling a rapid expansion in value awareness of entrepreneurship education to engineering students. Each year, a growing proportion of the two hundred thousand engineering graduates find work in small businesses or start-up ventures, eliciting a new type of engineer, an entrepreneurial engineer, who needs a broad range of skills and knowledge above and beyond a strong science and engineeringRead MoreThe Potential Benefits Of Being An Entrepreneur1190 Words   |  5 Pagesthe employer offers them. †¢ Entrepreneurship offers independence as entrepreneurs make their own decisions and are not restricted by company policy. †¢ Another key benefit of being an entrepreneur is that it is flexible in terms of scheduling tasks around other commitments. †¢ Entrepreneurship is primarily a paragon for innovation as it allows entrepreneurs to explore and create ideas and make them in to successful business plans. †¢ Additionally, entrepreneurships opens the door to numerous opportunitiesRead MoreEntrepreneurs Are Born and Not Made?1364 Words   |  6 Pagesan ordinary office manager. Many believe that these are skills are innate in a person, that they are born with them and they are skills and characteristics that cannot be taught. (Scott Shane, wall street journal) ‘40 percent of the variation in the tendency to be an entrepreneur is inherited.’ Some people say that not anyone can become an entrepreneur; they have to have the right innate qualities from birth alongside the external influences for their talents to be recognized in business. â€Å"If theRead MoreBusiness School At Washington University Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesDescribe your interest in entrepreneurship. Please include any past experiences in innovation and entrepreneurship: Ever since I was a young child I always wanted to create the next newest and biggest invention. For example, when I found out the creator of Jibits for crocs (those small plastic accessories that go into the holes of crocs sold her company to crocs for millions of dollars. It was such a simple idea, but also so creative and innovative. I was hooked on the idea of creating a productRead MoreImportance Of Entrepreneurship During The World Countries Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesA) The importance of entrepreneurship in 3rd world countries: One valuable lesson I learned through this placement that also pertains very much so to international development, is the importance of entrepreneurship in both the first and third world. Entrepreneurship is not the first thing that is taught to the average Canadian student when asked to decide what they want to do post graduating high school. I however believe it should at least be taught, if only to provide our youth with another optionRead MoreEntrepreneurial Skills and the Entrepreneurial Instinct 1387 Words   |  6 Pagessaid regarding entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial skills â€Å"The entrepreneurial instinct is in you. You cant learn it, you cant buy it, and you cant put it in a bottle. Its just there and it comes out† (Mail online, 2010). Surprisingly enough this is a view not shared by everyone. Whilst it cannot be denied that entrepreneurs are all ultimately unique in some way empirical evidence suggests that they all do share some common characteristics and sk ills, some of which can be taught (Colette, et alRead MoreWhat does Entrepreneur Means Essay1044 Words   |  5 Pages(Sanworth, Stanworth, Granger, Blyth, 1989). The social marginality model argued by the group of scholars is attempting to further understand the process of entry into entrepreneurship. The model is defined as ‘a perceived incongruity between an individual’s personal attributes and the role they hold in society’. Furthermore, this notion can be applied to an individual or a group of people in the organisation (Sanworth, Stanworth, Granger, Blyth, 1989). However, Brockhuas and Horwitz’s dismiss the above

Monday, December 23, 2019

Expanding Powers Of Presidency The United States Government

Albert Jian PLSC 210 11AM Prompt 2 April 11th, 2016 Professor Armitage Expanding Powers of Presidency The President is regarded as the most powerful individual in the United States government nowadays, with powers expressed in the constitution or congressional act, inferred from the constitution, or assumed by himself. While the executive branch appears the most powerful at current times, most framers had thought that legislative branch would possess the most power. In The Federalist No. 51, James Madison expressed his concerns in the inequalities between the three branches; particularly, he stated that, â€Å"[i]n republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates†. Most framers did not foresee a future with strong†¦show more content†¦Presidents asserted inherent powers that were inferred from the constitution to expand their powers. Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution states that the president â€Å"shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed†. The clause is known as the take care clause, which many presidents used to extract more powers from. In the famous case of Louisiana Purchase in 1803, President Thomas Jefferson signed a treaty with France to purchase Louisiana at a high price of $15 million dollars. As a strong anti-federalist, Jefferson performed such a federalist action that simply surpassed the restrictions of constitution on executive branch. Yet, Jefferson defended himself of his action that: â€Å"strict observance of the written laws is doubtless one of the high duties of a good citizen, but it is not the highest. The laws of necessity, of preservation, of saving our country when in danger, are of higher obligation†. Jefferson also argued that the purchase is crucial to United States national security by avoiding a war. Most federalists in Congress chided at his ultra-federalist approach in the purchase and saw the action as a political opportunity as it discredit Jefferson and his power. Since most Americans and Congress agreed with his actions, there were no negative con sequences to Jefferson’s improper use of his presidential power. Louisiana Purchase thus became a precedent in presidential power on

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Jamnagar Free Essays

Jamnagar is today known as ‘Oil City’ because the world’s biggest refinery complex belonging to Reliance Industries and a smaller one belonging to Essar Oil are located in Jamnagar. It was earlier known as ‘Brass City’, the city housing more than 5,000 large scale and 10,000 small scale units manufacturing brass items in and around the industrial estates of Shankar Tekari, Udhyognagar, M P Shah Udhyognagar and Dared. Nearly 200 tons of brass goods are produced in this area daily. We will write a custom essay sample on Jamnagar or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Jamnagar Refinery is a private sector crude oil refinery owned by Reliance Industries Limited in Jamnagar, India.The refinery was commissioned on 14 July 1999 with an installed capacity of 661,000 barrels per day (105,100 m? /d). It is the largest greenfield refinery in the world and third largest refinery in the world. The refinery is currently undergoing massive expansion, scheduled for commissioning in 2008, that will double its capacity to 1. 2 million barrels per day (190,000 m? /d). According to an article in the April 28, 2008 issue of FORTUNE Magazine, the world-class Reliance Industries oil refinery at Jamnagar will output 1. million gallons of gasoline, or 5% of the world’s capacity, after an expansion is completed in December 2008. The expansion was begun in October 2005 and is managed by San Francisco-based Bechtel Corporation.The expanded refinery consumes an area equal to 1/3 the size of Manhattan. The refinery is advanced in that it can process a wide range of crude oils, including heavy high-sulpher sour crude, which many refineries can not handle. Reliance Industries has said that the refinery’s output is for export only, and will not be sold domestically within India. Reliance is targeting the U. S. arket for gasoline and the European market for diesel. The refinery is owned by Reliance’s Reliance Petroleum Ltd. unit, in which U. S. oil company Chevron Corp. has a 5% stake. (also see article in the Friday, December 26, 2008 issue of the Wall Street Journal) Jamnagar to its credit also have base stations of all three wings of Defence. Indian Air Force, Indian Army Indian Navy all the three wings have their training and big bases. Geographically Jamnagar supports all the arms of the defence as it has got sea for Indian Navy and strong Air Base including Army due to strategic location close to Pakistan.Jamnagar Manufacturing Division located in Jamnagar, Gujarat, is spread over 7,400 acres. It comprises of a petroleum refinery and associated petrochemical plants. The refinery is equipped to refine various types of crude oil (sour crude, sweet crude or a mixture of both) and manufactures various grades of fuel from motor gasoline to Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF). The petrochemicals plants produces plastics and fibre intermediates. Created in a record time of less than three years, the Jamnagar Manufacturing Division would always remain a special experience for Reliance.The project is of titanic proportion and has taken, for its completion, millions of engineering man-hours spread over many international engineering offices; thousands of tonnes in equipment and material, procured from leading suppliers across the globe; highly advanced construction equipment of unbelievable sizes; construction workforce of over 75,000 working round the clock for months; a great number of innovative techniques in project execution; and project management expertise of Reliance acquired over the past several years.With a Complexity Index of 11. 3 (as defined by the Nelson Complexity Index) RIL’s refinery at Jamnagar is able to process heavy and sour crude oils to produce high value products. This allows the Company to benefit from the lower input cost compared to light crude oils. The Reliance refinery at Jamnagar was adjudged the most Energy Efficient Refinery by Shell Global Solutions in 2004 and was awarded the International Refiner of the Year, 2005 by Hart Energy Publishing LP; the first Asian company to receive the recognition.The Jamnagar Manufacturing Division has a 33 – million tonnes per annum refinery that is fully integrated with downstream petrochemicals units which manufacture naphtha-based aromatics as well as propylene-based polymers. Situated on the northwest coast of India, the integrated refinery-cumpetrochemicals complex is located at Motikhavdi, Lalpur Taluka, Jamnagar District, in the state of Gujarat. It is in proximity to the Gulf of Kutch, a sheltered bay close to the Middle-East crude oil sources.The location of RIL’s refinery on the west coast of India supported by world-class logistics and port facilities provides the Company with freight advantages. Most of the crude imported is transported on Very Large Crude Carrie rs (â€Å"VLCC†). The refinery has operated at near 100% utilization with minimal downtime, consistently outperforming the average utilization rates of refineries in the Asia Pacific region, the European Union and North America, as reported by PEL Market Services, Biannual Refining Report, July 2005. With a Complexity Index of 11. 3 (as defined by the Nelson Complexity Index), the refinery has achieved Gross Refining Margins (â€Å"GRMs†) that are consistently higher by US$ 2 to US$3 per barrel than the benchmark Singapore complex margins. In addition to the operating efficiencies achieved by this refinery, it is also differentiated from other global refineries in terms of its ability to take advantage of the light/heavy crude price differential.The existing refinery complex at Jamnagar has more than 50 process units, which together process the basic feedstock, crude oil, to obtain various finished products deploying the following major refining processes: * Crude oil distillation (Atmospheric as well as vacuum distillation) * Catalytic cracking (Fluidised Catalytic Cracker) * Catalytic reforming (Platforming) * Delayed Coking The new SEZ refinery RIL’s new refinery in the Special Economic Zone at Jamnagar, is the world’s sixth largest and has a Nelson Comple xity Index of 14. , making it the largest and most complex refinery globally. The refinery has a capacity of processing 580,000 barrels of crude oil per stream day (BPSD. In addition to size and complexity, the SEZ refinery has several advantages: * Ability to process challenged crude varieties * Able to produce Euro V grades of gasoline and diesel * Highly competitive operating cost due to advantages of scale, technology and operational synergies * Capability to produce alkylates – a premium gasoline blend component. It will have the flexibility to maximize production of alkylate by converting butane to isobutene All key processing units, including the Fluidised Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU), Vacuum Gas Oil (VGO), Hydrogen Manufacturing Unit (HMU), Diesel Hydro De-Sulphurisation (DHDS), Propylene Recovery Unit (PRU), Coker unit and the Polypropylene complex are operating close to their respective design capacities. All the support units and utilities are fully operational and presently the refinery is operating at its design capacity.The refinery has successfully processed more than 20 types of crude oils, including difficult crude oils within a few months of its start-up, thus reflecting superior quality of assets and capabilities. Exports have commenced to 26 countries, including to the US and Europe. Polypropylene Plant : The Polypropylene plant at Jamnagar has a huge capacity of 1030 KTA of Polypropylene producing a wide range of grades that cater to an equally diverse range of sectors which include Raffia, Films (BOPP/IPP), Injection Moulding, Extrusion, Fibre etc.Name of Plant| Commissioned Year| Technology used| Capacity ( KTA )| Polypropylene| 1999 | The Dow ChemicalCompany | 1030| The new PP line in the SEZ facility at RIL is expected to be fully operational in FY 2009-10. This would result in additional capacity of 0. 9 million tonnes of PP operative in the year. Township : The complex includes a self-contained township, appropriately named as Reliance Greens, for Reliance employees and their families. Sprawling over 415 acres of land, the township has been designed to provide the best possible residential, educational and recreational facilities to the employees.The township includes fully furnished housing for the employees, as well as a medical centre, school, playgrounds, temple, community centers, health centers, recreation facilities, banks, mall/supermarket, gas station, parks, swimming pool, golf course and tennis courts etc. BRASS IDUSTRIES AND BUILDING MATERIAL PRODUCT Since its inception in the year 1984, Shree Mahavir Industries has laid stress on the quality of its products and embraces the latest technology to manufacture its products, in accordance with international standards.Shree Mahavir was established with an objective to be recognized as one of India’s renowned manufac turers and exporters of Builders Hardware ; Locks. The company is professionally managed with expert managerial ; engineering skills and a hard working experienced team. The organizations achievements have been quite remarkable, and this can be attributed to a number of factors, such as our knowledge and experience of the industry, continuous improvements in quality and full complete customer satisfaction.The quality control department is equipped with all the necessary testing equipment, used by a technical qualified Quality Controllers team. Quality control forms an integral part at every stage right from the receipt of raw materials to delivery of finished goods. Various tests like salt spray tests, Acetone rub tests, pencil hardness tests, life cycle tests, etc. are carried out to make sure that our products can measured up to international standards.Our Commitment to quality is evident from the facts that we manufacture the products in accordance with the relevant international standard and have the necessary product approvals. Our extensive experience allows us to offer a technical support services, from design advice through to Testing and Co mmissioning of the Product. Due to strict quality control procedures our customers are ensured that their requirements are met accurately and consistently. Our persistent endeavors have infused a spectral pace in the domain of sustainence of quality standards.Shree Mahavir Industries’s modern manufacturing plant in Jamnagar, (Gujarat) is equipped with the latest electroplating and electrophoresis lacquering plant, forging and power presses, fully equipped tool room design department and a technically qualified quality assurance team. Lock manufacturing is carried out with state-of- the art CNC machines which help in getting maximum lever combinations, resulting in maximum security. Our production plant is well equipped with sound and sophisticated infrastructure and technology.Apart from quality machines our strength comes from our engineering and design groups who develop and analyze each standard or custom product to assure optimum function, safety, and maintenance. We provide customized, state-of-the -art products and world class after sales service at highly competitive prices to our clients all across the globe. Products : Manufacturers and Exporters of:- Builders Hardware:- Brass Hinges, Brass Tower Bolts, Knobs, Brass Aldrops, Hooks, Gate Hooks Napkins Rods, Pivot, Door Stopper Bolt Catch, Brackets, Window Stay, Hasp Staple.Door Handles:- Rose Set Door Handles, Mortice Door Handles, Mortice Door Handles, Furniture Handles. Locks:- Mortise Locks, Lever Locks, Night Lathes, Pin Cylinder Locks. OUR PRODUCTS:- Door Handles, Door Locks, Brass Hinges, Brass Tower Bolts. Asha Industries is actively involved in the manufacturing of Brass Electrical Components, Brass Automobile Parts Brass Electronics Parts. We have catered to different sectors such as electronics, electrical, auto, hardware, etc. and have established a prominent presence in the market. Asha Industries was incepted in the year 1988 with the chief intent to provide quality merchandise to clients.Our long standing experience and excellence has assisted us in fostering high technological standards in the buoyant market economy. Due to the cumulative efforts of our CEOs, Mr. Janakbhai. V. Gori Mr. Vimal. N. Gori, we have achieved a competitive edge. Quality Control Policy Quality forms the thrust of our organization. We, therefore manufacture products using high quality brass using latest production techniques. In addition to this, we conduct stringent quality tests under various quality parameters to ensure flawless products. Infrastructure ResourcesWe possess a technically sound infrastructure that forms the cornerstone of the company. Our well-organized production unit is equipped with advanced machines and electronically operated testing equipments. Some of them are calipers, threads gauges, plug gauges, micrometers, profile projector, electronic venires, and all kinds of gauges etc. We are also supported with the team of deft professionals who are well-versed with the nuances of this industry and give their best to produce zero-defect products. Clientele Customer satisfaction is amongst the cardinal objectives of the company.We provide quality merchandise, affordable prices and expedite deliveries so as to render complete delight to customers. As a result, we have been successful in garnering number of clients all over the country. Furthermore, we have established good rapport with our customers we aspire to go global in the coming years. Moreover, we aspire to go global in the coming future. We have also carved a niche as one of the most outstanding Brass Electronics Parts Manufacturers from India. Year of Establishment : 1988 Primary Business Type : Manufacturer SupplierAsha Industries has evolved expertise in the domain of manufacturing of Brass Auto Parts, Brass Electrical Parts, Brass Electronics Parts, Switch Gear Parts, Automobile Switch Parts, Brass Riveting Parts Brass Small Parts. Some of the other products we are dealing are electronic parts and switch gear parts. With the assistance of qualified engineers and technicians, we manufacture brass products using high quality brass. Our products are utilized in array of industries such as Engineering, hardware, electronics, auto, electrical as well as energy meter manufacturing companies.Long life, corrosion resistance and high precision are the buzzwords that represent the products offered by us. Furthermore, all our products are quality certified and tested on parameters such as corrosion, finish, dimensional a ccuracy, strength etc. In addition to this, we provide availability of products in unlike sizes and grades as per the drawings laid by clients. We ensure safe and prompt delivery of products to the desired destination. Last but not the least, our products can be obtained at the most affordable prices. How to cite Jamnagar, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Features of Legal Regulation of Electronic †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Features of Legal Regulation of Electronic. Answer: Introduction: Among every other profession, the legal profession is considered as a pious and noble profession and the people practicing it are said to hold a strong dogma of ethics and morals in order to put and give an honest and service to the society through the role played by them in their profession. Over time, strict rules regarding the profession have been developed throughout the world. However, in this case, special reference is made regarding the legal norms and ethics which prevail in South Africa, which like those in any other part of the world, are very strict and severe as to their implication and violation respectively. Breach of any professional ethics may even dismiss the practicing licence of the concerned legal practitioner and stuck his name out of the enrolment of names of legal practitioners. One important feature of the rules and ethics of the profession is that they are not mentioned in any legislation and are hence identified on the basis of the ideologies and principles of the senior practicing professionals and guided as per their perspective and outlook. Coming down to the issue of virtual money in South Africa, there is one important aspect which requires to be mentioned giving due importance and mention. The tax legislation in South Africa covers a very vast extent as to its application, and therefore, analysis of every aspect of it would be difficult due to its extensive nature. The current legislation of South Africa although does not make any distinctive and particular provision regarding Bit coin, it has suggested a provision as to the issue stating that the concerned authorities of South Africa have the privilege to to make amendments and alterations in the countrys legislation as they consider it to be convenient and essentia. Every related provision regarding the banking services and the financial services in South Africa include a series of activities which are highly regulated. In this aspect, financial technology has done a great deal in making a significant and distinct challenge to the existing framework. This challenge has been however, accepted by the South African Reserve Bank and initiatives are duly taken to figure them out and meet them. In this aspect it is important to mention that financial technology has a great potential to alter and frame down the existing model of financial and banking working structure, which essentially follows the traditional way of working. Financial technology has a related aspect known as Block Chain which gives a provision to the concerned people according to which the working of the middleman and the associated cost as to his service can be cut short or eliminated from the whole range of activities in this aspect. This system can be disruptive as it has the users have the ability to record the transactions of any person with any other person. As a result of all these aspects, the traditional provisions relating to financial and banking services have become greatly irrelevant and the financial technologies which are based on solutions which are framed upon self service framework which have gained prevalence. Certain risks have been associated with virtual currencies which are figured out by the South African Reserve Bank, and some of them are claimed to be related with the Block Chain technologies. Certain risks associated with this system include risks related to credit and liquidity, stability of price, money laundering risks and customer risks. An important aspect regarding Block Chain system is that, it is not regulated and controlled by a single person and hence, the entire system lacks in a well defined provider of centralised services who could be inquired by any regulator in case of any supervision. An effective study of the entire process gives an assumption that the regulating framework regarding payment can be easily accommodated with the use of the Block Chain services. Some hold the assumptions that similar regulating framework regarding payment processes can be easily synchronised with the use of Block Chain services. Another set of intermediary ideas have been brought by m any researchers which state that the same regulatory framework as followed by the concerned financial technologies are adopted in the Block Chain services. As a consequence to all these factors, if the regulating framework intends to the entire system with the help of a central figure or a well defined management body, such services or programmes shall prove to be insufficient and inadequate, which means that due consideration and analysis is required for the fundamental and philosophical plannings in the system of payment regulation. The various researches regarding the affect and extended popularity of virtual currency has given rise to several hypothesis or ideologies which are needed to be discussed along with the other aspects related to the concept. Virtual currency does not exactly fall under the definition of money or currency in general terms under the ascertained legal perspective. It is more appropriately considered as digital money which is not issued by banks or by any credit insurance, or by any e-commerce institution. The emerging business models are an important factor in making any kind of research analysis regarding virtual currencies. They assess, store and transfer the units of virtual currency. Some of the researches are designed with an entirely different and new technical characteristic with the aim to improve the functioning and working of certain essential ingredients in the ecosystem dealing with virtual currencies. Apart from all these factors, there is a unit called VCS which have grabb ed the attention of a number of international institutions. The research works as made in accordance with VCS bring out the various disadvantages associated with the entire process which include lack of factors like transparency, clarity, and an attitude to continue, highly volatile character and excessive dependency on information technology management. However, the international institutions supporting VCS, after making sufficient research on such related issue have stated that all the researches have brought positive aspects regarding financial innovations and also by providing extra and additional means of providing payment alternatives to the customers. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has issued a report which states that the coming of the issue of virtual currencies have not only emerged as a completely new dimension, but has also attracted the idea of investing in payment infrastructure which is entirely build on their particular working protocols. The main intention behind the working of these new payment mechanisms is providing new methods for transferring transaction and related data over the internet. FATF has brought with it a new aspect of financial innovations; while on the other hand, concepts and services like virtual currency programmes have initiated the matters of money laundering and terrorist financing, giving rise to several money risks and crime risks. The researches have thus, confined the approach regarding virtual currency to only payment, excluding products and services, thus limiting the entire discussions to only payments. He matters regarding virtual money is important in several areas and fields which include those of enforcement of law, tax authorities and regulators of law or legal regulators. They all emphasise the ways and the related methods in which the aspect of virtual money fits into the framework of the above mentioned issues. The legality of virtual money would depend upon the identity of the person and the acts of the particular person regarding the work so done in order to gain of formulate the virtual money. The way to control the use of virtual money and the means to bring their circulation under control has made many legal practitioners and people working in the legal perspective conscious and alert. Also the means to control this issue of virtual money has been put in the forefront of the legal arena with sufficient interest and emphasis given to it. Whether virtual money is legal or not has been answered by many eminent legal practitioners in the most efficient way. Virtual money can acquire the status of legal money and be considered to be legal based on the point and depending upon what its owner is doing with it, or how the owner of the virtual money is utilising it. Virtual money has been ever since the cause of money laundering and law professionals are always concerned about the fact that, currency has a feature of been decentralised. The law authorities of South Africa have made a distinction between decentralised digital currencies like web money, gold, etc and virtual money. Such authorities expressed their concerns that due to the improper regulation of off shore services, an opportunity may be given to the criminals in which they can use the acquired virtual money without been able to be traced. Such use of virtual money can be curbed essentially for fulfilling illegal and illicit initiatives. The virtual money so acquired is largely used for as a popular form of currency while trading in Silk Roads. Silk Roads are anonymous markets a ccess to which can be attained only by browsing networks. The Silk Roads are primarily used for buying and selling of certain goods which are otherwise illegal throughout the world or globally, but are legal in many countries. Such goods include drugs like narcotics. Virtual currency has been named as surrogate currency and a demand or call has been made to curb down its use and its availability as well and bring it in the category of controlled substance[12]. The regulations so put up may be on a nationalised basis or on the sub country level and they vary accordingly. Regulators and law practitioners work both at national and sub country level in order to draw a control over the possession and use of the virtual money. They allot guidelines regarding the way virtual currencies should be actually used and utilised on a welfare motive. Further, under these provisions, the transactions made with virtual currencies are classified as money service business or money transmitting business. In such cases, a distinctive feature called Anti Money Laundering Service is required to be undertaken along with another feature called Know Your Client measures in order to trace the business line and getting to know the people with whom the holders of virtual money are conducting business with. A virtual stockholder is basically of three types. Each holder of virtual money can fall in more than one category and each such category has its own distinct features and its own individual legal considerations. Owners or holders of virtual money either spend them by investing in several businesses, or may hoard the virtual currency. As per the legal provisions dealing with virtual currency, those holders who hold them only for the sale and purchase of goods and services are using it legally. In this aspect, mention is to be given to the finCEN concept or guidance which deals with this issue which says that, any owner of virtual currency who creates a convertible unit of virtual currency which is essentially used for the purpose of buying and purchasing real goods and services, is not exposed to the rules and regulations as a money transmitter, rather, is the one who is the user of convertible virtual currency. However, as per the same concept, those owners or holders of virtual cur rency are actually the ones who create such currency and exchange them for flat notes, are the ones who can be termed as the danger or threat to the entire system or procedure, and are not considered to be safe. This concept further says that a person who owns virtual currency and uses it to make convertible units of such currency, so as to sale those created units of currency to people in exchange of real currency, so as to transmit the money to another location, are termed as money transmitters and pose a serious threat. The miners are considered to fall under this particular category, and they have asked for a real clarification for putting them under such category, which has been duly provided. The third category includes those persons who work as an exchange and accepts the convertible currency which is decentralised, from one person and passes it to another, as a part of the exchange or transfer of the currency in the form of funds, or any other value, which can be substituted in the place of currency. The entire study and analysis made in this project have clearly brought down all the related, virtual and direct aspects of virtual currency. Its main element of Bit coin has elaborately discussed by giving due emphasis on every term and issue related to it. The various ways in which the harmful effects of virtual currency can be duly regulated have also been discussed accordingly. The risks which are associated with regulating and efficiently dealing and regulating virtual currency gave been clearly chalked out. The research hypothesis and the research methodologies so associated have been keenly illuminated giving a spotlight on every research made on this upcoming topic of virtual currency. Lastly, the legal provisions associated with the limitation and control along with the analysis of the concept has been elaborately discussed. Conclusion The reports so made by the legal authorities of South Africa have been evaluated by the jurisdiction of several other countries and held to be apt and appropriate. The prescribed regulations and the given statements have been considered by several government offices who deal with the issues regarding virtual currencies and also by government offices who deal with virtual currency handling in business transactions. The various impacts and consequences are studied and appropriate measures are also reached and further innovations are planned to be achieved with progress of time. References Belloc, H. (1967).On. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press. Bento, A. and Aggarwal, A. (2013).Cloud computing service and deployment models. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. Dasgupta, S. (2012).Technical, social, and legal issues in virtual communities. Hershey, Pa.: IGI Global. Hughes, K. (2009).The PLA reader for public library directors and managers. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers. Roth, M., Snell, J. and Blum, P. (n.d.).TechLaw institute, 2015. Stro?h, J. (2017).The esports market and esports sponsoring. Baden-Baden: Tectum Verlag. VanHoose, D. (2011).E-comerce economics. London: Routledge. Mackenzie, R. (1998). Virtual Money, Vanishing Law: Dematerialisation in Electronic Funds Transfer, Financial Wrongs and Doctrinal Makeshifts in English Legal Structures.Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2(1), pp.22-32. Morris, E. (2010). Biosafety regulations in South Africa.African Crop Science Journal, 3(3). Brodbeck, S. (2007). Virtual Money: A New Form of Privately Issued Money in the Money Market.SSRN Electronic Journal. Carre, D. (2009). Virtual Goods Transfers in Virtual Worlds: Legal and Economic Stakes.SSRN Electronic Journal. Kinicki, A. and Fugate, M. (2016).Organizational behavior. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Roth, M., Snell, J. and Blum, P. (n.d.).TechLaw institute, 2015. , ?. (2016). Features of the legal regulation of of electronic money in Ukraine; civil legal aspect.Theory and practice of jurisprudence, 2(10), p.4. Mackenzie, R. (1998). Virtual Money, Vanishing Law: Dematerialisation in Electronic Funds Transfer, Financial Wrongs and Doctrinal Makeshifts in English Legal Structures.Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2(1), pp.22-32.

Friday, November 29, 2019

The Coca and the Cocaine War Essay Example For Students

The Coca and the Cocaine War Essay 10 February 2002THE COCA AND THE COCAINE WARThe current War on Drugs involves skirmishes in an arena with two fronts: The consumer and the manufacturer. The successes and failures of the battle are not clearly identified without first looking at how the battle can be ultimately won. When it comes to cocaine, the problem of punishing the whole instead of the individual is hard to define. Many countries use the raw ingredient, the coca plant, as part of a social and cultural structure. The only way to win the War on Drugs is to focus war efforts on fighting the manufacturer of the finished cocaine product. We will write a custom essay on The Coca and the Cocaine War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The War on Cocaine has been trying to fight a battle on two fronts. The first objective of the American government is to deter the consumer from using illegal products. The genesis of punishment against users is sited in the 1914 Harrison Act, in which addicts and others that possessed drugs were punished for buying or possessing cocaine or heroin without a prescription (Bertram, 26). This act began a trend that still today allows law enforcement to arrest the user along with the supplier. The supplier (drug trafficker) is the key in this type of police action, because most of the time the user will be unaware of the exact origin of the substance or have any knowledge as to where it was purchased or manufactured. The main problem with this type of arrest is that 70 to 75 percent of the narcotic arrests per year are for possession and only 25 to 30 percent are for actual drug trafficking offenses. Although the user should not be overlooked, a greater emphasis ought to be focused on th e supplier in order to reach the actual manufacturer of the illegal substances. The other front of the battle of the War on Drugs comes from locating and shutting down the manufacturers of cocaine. Cocaine is manufactured from the coca plant, the drugs main ingredient. When the government imposes sanctions on different nations for growing the coca plant, careful considerations must be made. Just like any other market, there may be underlying circumstances for growing the plant that are perfectly innocent to the illegal cocaine market. The key influence of the coca market comes from the Andean countries of South America: Peru, Bolivia, and Colombia. These countries are responsible for almost exclusively cultivating the coca plant, but Colombia is the main processing nation of the plant into cocaine, at nearly 70 percent (Stares, 2). The problem with fighting the producers of the coca plant is that not all of the operations are geared toward making the illegal substance. In fact, many of the producers within this region use the plants as a crucial element of social status and cultural values. The main problem that the American law enforcement agencies have encountered from other nations is the social barrier to outlawing these narcotics. The coca plant has a significant social value in the Andean culture, just as the tea and coffee have a social value in American cultures. The Andean people chew the coca leaves, and this is done as a social function to protect one from spiritual influences. The families use the coca matu plant (green coca with a leathery texture that is unpleasant to taste) to offer for sacrifice to idols and to prepare corpses during the wakes of the dead (Leons, 68). The Andean people have become accustomed to the coca fields and have centered an entire society on this crop. When a young Andean couple marries, a crop is started with the painstaking planting process. Throughout the years of the marriage and with the edition of new members in the family, the field begins to grow until it reaches the final maturity, along with couple.The only solution to f ighting the cocaine manufacturers is to strike the operations that are actually producing the illegal product. Careful consideration must be made to identify the crop as a cocaine development field before fumigation is acceptable. .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80 , .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80 .postImageUrl , .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80 , .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80:hover , .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80:visited , .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80:active { border:0!important; } .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80:active , .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80 .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5e41eb42edec951c42063da642f5cf80:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Physics Essay PaperThe two fronts, the consumer and the manufacturer, of the War on Drugs are not easy to identify. In order to succeed the manufacturer must be identified, punished, and put out of business. Failures will result when cultures are destroyed as collateral damage in the never-ending battle to keep cocaine off the streets of America. The social circles that use the coca plant as part of a social and cultural structure should be protected, but not totally ignored. The only way to win the War on Drugs is to focus war efforts on fighting the manufacturer of the finished cocaine product. WORKS CITEDBertram, E. (et al.) DRUG WAR POLITICS: THE PRICE OFDENIAL. Univ Cal: Los Angeles, 1996. Leons, M.B. and Sanabria, H. COCA, COCAINE, AND THEBOLIVIAN REALITY. State Univ of NY: Albany, 1997. Stares, P.B. GLOBAL HABIT: THE PROBLEM IN A BORDERLESSWORLD. Brookings: Wash DC, 1996. Words/ Pages : 851 / 24

Monday, November 25, 2019

The Goal of Obtaining a Degree is Not Worthwhile for All Students

The Goal of Obtaining a Degree is Not Worthwhile for All Students We live in an information age. The world’s reward system operates pragmatically. People get job rewards based on their economic value to organizations. As firms get more competitive in an information age, automation becomes the alternative for cutting costs. Every day, more graduate positions in industries are getting lost.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Goal of Obtaining a Degree is Not Worthwhile for All Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Newer positions appear that require a higher level of education qualification. However, the new job positions do not necessary pay more than the graduate posts, which they replace. The return on investment for a four-year college degree is very low or sometimes, absent. Forgoing college to pursue learning on the job or getting a shorter program is a cheap and rational option. Why A Four-Year College Degree is Not Worthwhile The success rate of a job-see king college graduate depends on their human relationship skill and societal status. When the person lacks inherent abilities to acquire knowledge through learning and training, in college and on the job, he or she has little use of a four-year degree (Greenberg, Weinstein and Sweeney 13). A well-networked individual with the right amount of wealth to support his or her job-seeking endeavors is more likely to get a job compared to a college graduate with honors, but without the necessary network. On the other hand, having a college degree kills the entrepreneurial spirit of most people and renders them poorly equipped to navigate the tough waters to a successful career. When you get a job because of your college degree, but lack the necessary drive and skill to maneuver the professional landscape, it is likely that you will remain in the same job for a very long time. People need life skills like relationship building, marketing and networking more than they need a four-year college degree qualification. The degree ties a person to the need of getting a relevant job in the particular field of study. It serves a person well when there are many jobs in an industry. In such a case, the degree would be an investment. However, the lack of jobs, in particular, makes the education investment an unnecessary cost. Many, who hail the need for a college degree, quote the high chances, of a graduate job seeker, of getting a job. What they fail to say is how the number of jobs for a particular industry diminishes with changes in business environments. Carnevale, Cheah and Strohl (2) mention that, the risk of unemployment for graduates recently out of college now depends on their study major. They say that the unemployment rate for architecture graduates was the highest at 13.9 percent in 2011. The figure is higher than the average of all graduates, which is 8.9 percent. For a person going to study architecture because of the relatively low unemployment rate of all college graduates, the actual figure will be shocking. The most unfortunate thing is that the graduate will realize the truth after they finish their four years and start looking for jobs.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While college graduates may actually have stronger chances of employment, they have to put up with compensation levels that do not match their degree investments. Yes, it is true that, graduates have a higher employability rate compared to high school leavers. It happens for occupations in Healthcare, Education and other technical occupations. Wages in the relatively stable occupations depend on the performance of the economy. It is difficult to get a pay  rise in the healthcare industry unless a person has many years of experience. For new employees, getting an increase requires them to get additional qualifications. Unfortunately,  degree cost increas e yearly as colleges increase their fees as their research costs increase. On the other hand, organizations seek to reduce their wage bill by freezing salary increases, when their business environment becomes tough. The hurdles continue to increase the repayment period of a college degree. The burgeoning question is whether it is worthy to spend a fortune in time and money and then work for more than ten years to repay back the money (Coughlan 169). The economics of a college degree is skewed in favor of alternative investments, which promise a higher return. There are alternatives for a four-year degree program. They are cheaper, shorter and deliver more in quality than college degrees. Foregoing college opens a person to various opportunities for education, at a fraction of the cost of a college degree. The problem with four-year degrees is the  one-size-fits-all treatment (Brennan 64). Students have different optimal duration and setups for learning. The universal system only s erves those who are naturally inclined towards it. Moreover, some learning opportunities, outside college, are worth a fortune in terms of their return to investment. Holzer and Nightingale (72) show that, people choosing to go for apprenticeship earn up to US $1900 more per quarter compared to their counterparts choosing the state employment service, which depends on their degree qualification. Furthermore, those who finish the intern programs increase their earning to nearly US $ 4300 per quarter. Various non-four year courses are available, which help people become proficient in financial management, prospecting, marketing and sales. The courses do more in influencing real skills to people compared to four-year degrees. First, they are highly pragmatically. Students see results immediately they complete the courses. When the results do not appear instantly, the costs are relatively low and recoupable in a shorter period, than it would take to pay back a four-year college degree. Four-year college degrees are risky investments; they lack a high quality assurance (Nemko para.12). Other than the job training, college degrees should prepare students for opportunities that would build their careers. Very few college plans give students the additional benefits of surviving in a collapsing job market.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Goal of Obtaining a Degree is Not Worthwhile for All Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The high number of parallel coaches and material available to help students navigate a tough job market shows that, there is a need, which colleges are not filling. College-degrees were most suited for the industrial age where production depended more on a given number of skills set and a large pool of labor.  Nowadays,  technological and human capital,  lead the economic competitiveness  of  a firm. Many college-degree programs are academic-based. They teach people how to develop and operate technology. Very few focus on the career and choose a  learning approach,  within  an  appropriate  context,  to show the student how to increase capital by harnessing the skill and technology rather than learning how it works (Holzer and Nightingale 83). Thus, we see college graduates going back to school to learn how to use additional computer programs, as a way of making them competitive in the job market. On the other hand, their counterparts learn how to use the same program to fill a need in their current job or business. We can determine that the job-seeking mentality of the four-year college graduate is the worst effect of a college degree. The truth is that, the four years spent  in college is too much time to study a job whose skill set requirements change annually (Murray para.12). A sure career path would be, to spend less time in school and more on the actual job. An Answer to Rebuttals Many studies show that colleg e degree holders have a high employability rate. Unfortunately, such studies fail to look into the long-term dynamics of the job market and the economy. Government spending priorities affect the employment opportunities in the public sector. When budget cuts occur in a particular expenditure item such as education, then there will be expected cutbacks in the employment of fresh college graduates with education majors. Other than cutting back on new employment, budget cuts also lead to the stagnation of salary increases. During recessive times, the cost of living spikes up and employees lose much of their disposable incomes to inflation. Many who are tied to the repayment of student loans have to reschedule their repayment period and incur additional interest payments (Coughlan 169). The unfortunate thing is that even after recessions end, and the economy experiences a boom; the college graduates in fixed employment enjoy little in terms of salary increases. Much of their career prog ress equates their level of qualification. They have to incur an additional cost  in  time and money investments on new qualifications.  However,  when they eventually get the added qualification, the presently desired benefits may  have diminished.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to the previous paragraph’s point, economic growth and recession dynamics squeeze most benefits that should attract many to four-year qualifications. Looking at the private sector, the same effect, as in the public sector mentioned above, is also visible. Firing and hiring in non-public organizations occur faster compared to state corporations. The high employee turnover puts question marks on the figures showing elevated employability rates for college graduates. Many people out of college get employment in various industries that are enjoying a boom. In a few years, the tables turn and the same industry  will witness massive layoff, as economic fundamentals of demand and supply adjust to equilibrium. It would be argued that the college graduate has a better footing for finding another job compared to the non-college graduates. Nonetheless, the professionalism of the graduate will limit their career choices. Moreover, they have to incur an additional cost of un learning their degree to change careers. The flexibility of a non-graduate affords them the opportunity cost of losing their present jobs. As long as they have the necessary people skills and proper financial management wits, their navigation of the job market will mostly be successful. Conclusion People spend four years in colleges to learn things that already happened. They have to deal with complex subjects that would only be practically helpful if they pursue technical careers. Most of these people will do better with a practical skill learned from a two-year course or other skill certifications from an alternative  learning  institution. Moreover, they could undertake a certification course in one of their talent areas and proceed to learn more as an intern. The alternative method is very cheap and has practical benefits that make the student more recession proof than his  or  her  four-year degree holder does. Brennan, John F. Why Not More Three-Year College Degrees ? University Business 7.8 (2004): 64-64. Ebscohost. Web. Carnevale, Anthony P., Ban Cheah and Jeff Strohl. Hard Times, College Majors, Unemployment and Earnings: Not All College Degrees Are Created Equal. Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce. 2012. Ebscohost. Web. Coughlan, Sean. The Student Finance Guide: Fees, Grants and What It Costs. London, UK: Kogan Page Limited, 2005. Print. Greenberg, Herbert, Harold Weinstein and Patrick Sweeney. How to Hire and Develop Your Next Top Performer: The Five Qualities That Make Sales People Great. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Print. Holzer, Harry and Demetra S Nightingale. Reshaping The American Workforce in a Changing Economy. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 2007. Print. Murray, Charles. Should The Obama Generation Drop Out?. 7 December 2008. Web. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/28/opinion/28murray.html?_r=1. Nemko, Marty. Americas Most Overrated Product: The Bachelors Degree (From The Chronicle of Higher E ducation). 29 April 2008. Web.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Skin Blood Heart Reading Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Skin Blood Heart Reading - Coursework Example Brutality was a main concern in the society because people especially the blacks and women were mercilessly killed. Guns were not a major concern because people could possess even two guns and they could shot anytime and anywhere. Lynching was very common as people who opposed to the whites directions and orders were not spared. Culture and religion was another theme in the society since men produced the culture while women were responsible for its growth through obedience. This meant that, if any women did not live by the men’s rule, they could face expulsion either in economic, social, or by death. In addition, it is women responsibility to end prostitution yet the act involves both men and women. Women are determined and daring to assume the strength and masculine opportunity to create and determine their own culture (27). Women determination to end the oppression they were subjected to by the male folk is of major concern. They were ready to fight for an equal place in the society. â€Å"I did not die but the agony was as bitter as death† is a quote that the author uses to express the uselessness of the meaning of life to a woman in that society (31). I had no a clear thought of the consequences and punishment that came along with practices against the culture like lesbianism. The question left in ones mind is: why do men face difficulties when women demand equality? Just like the present world, women are endlessly fighting for equality in work places and in the society. They have formed groups that fight for their

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Strategic Planning (Longitudinal Strategic Development Study) Coursework

Strategic Planning (Longitudinal Strategic Development Study) - Coursework Example . . . . . . . . 4 3.1 Development History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 3.2 Prior Investments and Disinvestments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.3 Markets Served and Products Offered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7 3.4 Resources Gained and Capabilities Developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.5 Culture, Leadership and Management Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-8 3.6 Strategies Pursued and Outcomes Achieved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9 4. Current Strategic Situation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.1 Trends in the Macro Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11 4.2 Changes in Industries and Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.3 Strateg ic Resources, Assets and Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.4 Financial Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.5 Industry Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.6 SWOT Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15 5.3 Choices for Future Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-16 5.4 Evaluation of Available Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5.5 Justifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5.6 Getting to the Future First . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7. Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ABSTRACT This paper covers the furniture industry with regards to the retailing industry. The industry is closely related to the home industry in the sense that people buy new furniture once they moved to a rental home or into a house they had recently bought. On this note, the furniture industry relies on new sales (when people buy entirely new furniture) to furnish a home or on replacement sales (when a furniture is worn due to use or is out of style). The paper discusses in broad terms the significant changes in the business environment such as new lifestyle patterns, threats such as the environmental movement and depletion of forests and the opportunities presented to pro-active industry players who can seize the opportunities to expand market shares and further revenue growth. The paper then focuses on the furniture group of IKEA which is from Sweden but is now present in some 40 countries and territories with about 316 stores (as of 2010, combined for franchised and company-owned

Monday, November 18, 2019

European Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Human Rights - Essay Example It also seeks to promote the rights of women and children, as well as of minorities and displaced persons. ‘Margin of appreciation’ is a doctrine that was first developed and applied in the case law of European Court and Commission of Human Rights. It is a concept developed by the European Union where different member states’ courts can interpret the Convention of Human Rights differently (Greer, 2000, p.5). The doctrine does not have universal litigation for all convention rights, since it has higher profile for some convention rights i.e. right to property; however, it has lower profile on other rights in the conventions. Moreover, there is no simple and clear method of describing how the doctrine works; further, the doctrine’s nature is that of uneven and unpredictable. Due to the nature of margin of appreciation, there is need for much structure, precision supervision and regularity in its application (Greer, 2000, p.5). The European Union formulated th e margin of appreciation since its member states comprise of diverse cultural and legal traditions embraced thus, it was difficult to identify uniform European standards of human rights. Moreover, the doctrine provides the flexibility needed to avoid damaging rows between the European Court, General, and the Member States. Additionally it permits the Court to balance the autonomy of Member States with their obligations under the Convention. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the contemporary practice of margin of appreciation in applying of Convention rights and freedoms. The paper will explore the logical flaws in the margin doctrine as currently conceived and the way they contribute in devaluing the convention. Moreover, the role of the Strasbourg Organ in the supervision of administering of the doctrine in its Member States is also discussed. Finally, an assessment of the efficiency and consistency of supervision is analyzed. Margin of appreciation The European Commission o f Human Rights endorsed margin of appreciation on the grounds that the national authorities are better placed to judge than the Strasbourg institutions. This doctrine is applicable in connection with articles of the convention providing some accommodations or limitation clauses. Some of the areas where Member States have been accorded margin of appreciation by the European Union convention on human rights are protection of morals, determining the mandate of the judiciary, prevention of crime and disorder and matters pertaining to national economy and security. In determining the scope of marginal of appreciation, the courts consider firstly, the subject matter of the protected right, i.e. a narrow margin is issued if the subject matter being protected is considered fundamental. Secondly, the aim and the interest of set restriction are also considered. Therefore, the margin of appreciation is determined by the effects of a restriction on other people in the society. Moreover, there a re European consensus standards, which are applicable to all Member States. In such cases, there is less need for application of margin of appreciation (Kleijkamp, 1999, p.50). However, there is concern in that uncontrolled margin of appreciation is devaluing the rights and freedoms provided by the Human Rights Convention. States that have the norm of human rights relativism can exploit this doctrine to cartel the exercise of human

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Importance Factors in Crime Scene Preservation

Importance Factors in Crime Scene Preservation According to the lecture on crime scene management the process of crime scene management is as follows. The different role players within the SAPS respond to the crime scene with due consideration personal safety, while at same time looking for potential evidence and possible suspects. The researcher wants to determine whether the role players from the components such as the visible policing, detectives and the Local Criminal Record Centre attended the murder crime scenes with the purpose of obtaining the required evidential material for linking suspects with the crime scene and for court purposes, further to determine whether such role players has the expertise to identify possible suspects at the murder scenes, SAPS (2006). In terms of SAPS, DCLP (2006) and SAPS Policy Number 1 (2004) on crime scene management, the procedure in the crime scene of crime is as follows: The first member to arrive at the crime scene will receive the crime scene from the members of the public and immediately take control of the scene and identify the injured victims. The first member will establish the command centre and act as Acting Commander for the Centre until the Official Commander is appointed. The Acting Commander will administers all the resources as required by the crime scene role-players examples of such resources are visible policing, Specialized units, Emergency services, Defence Force units etc and if the scope of the crime scene escalates (i.e) incident where public order policing or the task force is required, a major aircraft crash or any major operation), the command centre will further supported by the establishment of a field joint operational centre. The establish excess routes to the crime scene for control purpose. The first member will hand over the crime scene to the appointed crime scene manager on arrival who will be accompanied by the detectives and the crime scene technician and conduct a detail inspection to determine certain key aspects of the crime scene. The crime scene manager, the crime scene technician and the investigating officer will gain on the first walk through plan and agree on the crime scene investigation, processing strategy and methodology which they will follow. The crime scene manager will appoints the investigating officer who will be the principal investigator and be responsible for the maintaining of the case docket, investigating officer to co-ordinates the investigating team and for the maintaining the investigation diary and keeping track of the whole process and the investigating team is responsible for information gathering and proceeds which the interviewing of witnesses and taking down statements (SAPS 2006). The crime manager will also appoints the crime scene technician who will be the principal processing expert on the crime scene and evaluates the evidence possibilities and assembles the processing team with the correct skills to effectively process the crime scene. Crime scene technician will be supported by specialists available to assist the processing team on the crime; such specialists are provided by the Forensic Science Laboratory, Pathology, etc. The processing team will prepare a realistic visual representation of the scene to a court of law (SAPS 2006). After the crime scene team has completed their activities in the crime scene, the crime scene manager will conducts a final walk through of the scene, accompanied by the investigating officer and the crime scene technician. The purpose of walk-through is to review the activity of the investigation and processing team, ensuring that the original plan has been executed. The crime scene manager will conduct a debriefing with all role players as the last opportunity to collect any wrong decision made during the process and to ensure that all required actions have been performed. The crime scene manager will restore the crime scene and ensuring that all equipments has been removed and authorised the crime scene to be released to the public (SAPS 2006). Sometime after the event the crime scene manager calls a meeting with all the relevant role players to evaluate the process for lessons learnt planning the on going investigation, commenced on successes and identify mistakes. Cox (2009) in her article, explains that in order to ensure that the evidence is protected, the first person at the crime scene should secure it with barriers and or crime scene tapes soon after arriving at the crime scene, in addition, some should act as security guard so that people who do not belong at the location are kept out of the crime scene. According to Lee, Palmbach Miller, (2001), the first responders to a crime scene are usually Police, Emergency Medical personnel or Fire Department personnel. Their actions at the scene are often the foundation for the successful resolution of the crime. These first responding Officers are also in many cases some of the individuals, who may, through the course of doing their job, inadvertently change or alter the crime scene from its original condition, Lee, et al (2001). They further emphasized that those persons must do their job but they must always keep in mind that they will begin the process of linking the crime scene to the victim, the witness and ultimately, to the suspect. Any disruption of the crime scene may prevent the link to the suspect. The critical matters such as training, education, experience are all necessary for any potential first responder Lee et al, (2001). The process to be followed according to Roland (2007) correspond with (SAPS 2006) in the sense that the first Officers to respond are responsible for the securing the crime scene and preserving it as they found it. This means ensuring that nothing is touched or moved so that any physical evidence is not compromised or contaminated, if there are victims displaying signs of life the Police will call a team of Paramedics to give on site assistance if they did not respond to the initial emergency call. The injured can then be removed to Hospital, but dead bodies need to be left as they were found since vital causes can be obtained from studying the position and condition of the victim. The senior investigating officer will begin by interviewing the officers who were first on the scene to get their initial impression of the location and the behaviour of those who were directly involved. In a murder enquiry the suspects residence will require searching as well as the site where the body of the victim has been discovered. Team is led by a crime scene controller who answers to a superior the superior then reports to the investigating officer. When the crime scene is a house, an apartment, commercial building or vehicle all which can be sealed off and examined in the minutes detail and if murder or violent attack has occurred in one area of a building . The whole property will be considered relevant to the case and will be scoured for clause. When exterior location Police may have to extend the perimeter to includes vehicle tyre tracks, footprints and areas where there is a change of finding personal items, discarded cigarettes butts, a weapon or trace evidence which might have been snagged on undergrowth. It is a burial site for murder victims. There could be other makeshift graves in the area all in which will save to be excavates, photographed and combined for physical evidence. Exterior scene may also have to be isolated by a tent to protect evidence from the effects of whether and to exclude the prying eyes of curiosity seekers and media Roland (2007). It is clear that the procedure for the first person to arrive at the scene of crime is to ensure that the crime is protected for potential evidence. Cox(2009), Lee, el at 2001) and Roland (2007) support the (SAPS1 (2004) on crime scene management as well as the SAPS DCLP (2006). Wayne, Patherick, Brent, Turvey, Claire Ferguson (2010) indicates that particular attention should be given to determine if this is the only scene or whether there are secondary crime scenes that need to be located. Investigators will have only a limited amount of time to work a crime site in its untouched state. The opportunity to permanently record the scene in its original state must not be lost, such records will not only be useful during an investigation but are also required for presentation at trial Wayne et al (2010). Wayne et al (2010) has also stated that it is important that upon arrival at the scene investigators implement crime scene procedures, supervise uniform personnel and provide direction to the investigation to facilitate this. An investigative team should be nominated. This team should consist of an arresting officer, a corroborating officer, and an exhibit officer. This procedure is standard in most Police services for any major crime. The exhibits officer is responsible for protection and collection of exhibits, through to the examination of exhibits and their final production in court cases. The arresting officer and the corroborating officer are responsible for interaction with suspects and have final responsibility prosecuting the matter to trial. This team should be overseen by a senior Detective who has a broad management role in ensuring that a major incident room (MIR) or command post is established to support and manage investigative functions at the crime scene and also at later stages of the investigations Wayne et al (2010). Furthermore Wayne et at (2010) elaborates the initial assessment stage of crime scene that the trained investigators should have control of the investigation and begin to identify possible witnesses and suspects they should begin this stage by evaluating physical evidence located with a view to assisting with suspect generation by prioritising the most evidence (e.g) DNA located at a scene is powerful evidence as compared to an un-identified item such as clothing). It is also at this point that the investigators should familiarise themselves with the victim by performing interviews with the victim if still alive, or alternatively by conducting a victim logy (or profile) if the victim is the deceased. The profile should include the history of the victim, associates, criminal links, family and financial records. This step is important because the characteristics of a victim can provide links to possible suspects in particular, investigators may be able to draw inferences about the offe nders motive, modus operandi, and signatures behaviour (Turvey, 1999). Having done this, the investigators should be able to know the information about the victim. Wayne et al (2010). According to Wayne et al (2010) during the investigation stage the investigators undertake the most challenging work. At this point investigators must attempt to establish a motive for the crime, if this can be done, it must be accurate, then this information will greatly assist in reducing the suspect pool. Witness account also need to be closely examined at this stage and evaluated as to the assistance they can build a profile for the suspect. In this stage investigators should be ensuring that trained experts are evaluating all available physical evidence. Wayne et al (2010) further explain about the target stage of having carried out thorough examination of the crime scene, investigators need to build a profile for potential suspects from evidence available during the target stage. The investigators should then test the velocity of the evidence by seeking links between the suspect and the crime. All available evidence needs to be channelled into providing a nexus between the susp ect and the victim, in relation to time, place and motive. It is at this point the investigators need to be fully conversant with the investigations gathered by investigators with regards to build a profile for potential suspects. The investigators should develop an investigative interview plan so that when the suspect is confronted, the investigators are clear of the direction and purpose of the action or questioning that they undertake in the arrest stage, Wayne (et al 2010). According to Jackson, Andrew and Jackson, Julie (2004) the duties of the first Police Officer attending and preservation of the crime scene is as follows: Maintain the value of any physical evidence that may be present. Carry out an initial assessment of the scene. Deal with any emergencies (the overriding duty of the first officer attending is to preserve life, irrespective of whether crucial evidence is destroyed in the process). Call for assistance as necessary. Preserve the scene (unless it has been decided that physical evidence will not be recovered. Make an appropriate records of his or her assessment and actions (included in this times at which any key events took place, such as the first officer attending arrival at the scene and any estimated time of the incident that may be available from, for example, eyewitnesses. Communicate his or her assessment and actions to those who will take over the responsibility for the processing of the scene and or those responsible for the investigation of the case. Provide appropriate information about the processing of the case to those members of the public who are directly involved. The fi rst officer attending the crime scene must during his or her initial assessment, ascertain whether any of the following are present or nearby. Injured persons victims. Eyewitnesses (who should be kept separate from one another, by the first officer attending need to avoid conversation between the eye witnesses that could distort their memories of the incident). Suspects (who must be kept separate from each other and from witnesses) it should be borne in mind that seemingly innocent might, in fact be suspects in case. Further Jackson et al (2004) provides that any crime scene from which physical evidence is recovered and recorded, this process is also known as documenting the crime scene. This is done by making written notes that are augmented by photographs, video recordings and or sketches, as appropriate Jackson et al (2004). Jackson et al (2004) also mentioned the following recording on the crime scene. There must be a record of each item of physical evidence recorded from the scene, detailing the identified of the person who recovered it, the time and date at which it was recorded, the exact location from which it was taken and a description of the item involved. A log of all images taken of the scene (whether by still photographing conventional digital or video recording) describing for each images. The exact location of the camera operator The identity of the camera operator The direction in which the camera was pointed. The time and date at which it was captured. Any special lighting or other conditions used. Any special light or other condition used. The items and / or area of the scene from which the image was captured. A log of any sketches made of the scene. A detailed description of the surroundings of the crime scene. A record of the conditions of whether and light that prevailed during the processing of the scene and a thorough description of the crime scene itself in the condition in which it was found prior to the removal of any physical evidence, including details or any features that might be of evidential worth (such as the location and condition of any likely points of the entry and or exits by the individuals involved in the incident). It is clear that on the crime scene the physical evidence needs to be protected for potential evidence. Wayne et al (2010) and Jackson et al (2004:19) support to each other in terms of the process of crime scene management. According to Savino, John, Brent and Turvey (2005) provides the information to be learned from the crime scene as follows: Investigators can experience the sights, smells and sound of the crime scene, as the victim and the offender perceived them. Investigators can experience the spatial relationship with the scene. Investigators can experience how open, or secluded the scene is, suggesting possible witnesses. Investigators can experience how accessible or hidden the scene is to those not from the area, suggesting possible suspect populations. Investigators can learn what kind of traffic (vehicle and pedestrian), residences or businesses are nearby, suggesting possible witnesses and suspect populations. Investigators can experience transfer evidence first hand, vegetation, soil, glass, fibres, and any other material that may have transferred on to the victim or offender may transfer on to them, providing examples of what to look for on suspect clothing or in suspects vehicles. Investigators can walk victim and offender routes themselves, seeing the sight first hand, in order to discover additional witnesses and suspect population. This witnesses can include businesses with active surveillance camera that may have recorded some or all of the crime Savino et al (2005). The attentive investigators may discover items of evidence previously thought lost and according to Savino and Turvey (2005) further elaborate the crime scene dos and donts that, locards exchange principle. Every contact result in a transfer of evidence contact between items in around and obliterate it. The investigator needs to be on the crime scene and have some contact with the evidence, as do Forensic personnel however, reasonable steps can be taken to minimize how much evidence is added, moved and obliterated consider the following guidelines. Do not enter the crime scene until you have signed in on the crime scene security log. If there is not a security log, start one. The security log should contain name, agency, function, time in and out, and clothing description for later exclusionary purposes. One person should be assigned to maintain the log. Make certain that someone is assigned to photograph the crime scene and surrounding areas. Part of this assignment involves maintaining a log of each roll of film and each item and location photograph. Make certain that someone is assigned to sketch the crime scene. A rough sketch should be prepared at the scene showing measurements between items of evidence and spatial relationships within the scene. A final or smooth sketch is prepared later, based on notes, photos, and other information gathered from the scene (Lee). Make certain that someone is assigned to maintain and evidence log. Do not collect multiple items of evidence in one bag or under one evidence number. This provides for potential cross -contamination. Wear disposable latex gloves at all times- this will help prevents the transfer of fingerprints, sweat, and other material from your bare hand on the scene. Change gloves every time you touch a new item on the scene. This will help prevent cross-contamination between items at the same that you have touched. Do not dispose gloves by carelessly discarding them in the scene. They could wind up in the crime scene photo obscuring evidence, or worse, somebody might collect them as evidence and run lab tests to determine their origin. Do not touch everything in sight. When you touch an object, you may move it from its original position or obliterate any evidence that may have been transferred to its surface during the crime, such as a fingerprints or biological fluids containing valuable DNA. Keep your hands in your pockets until they are needed. Do not wonder aimlessly through the crime scene. Do not touch, move or otherwise alter items of evidence before documenting them (photographs, measurements, etc) Do not stage collection effort from furniture involved in the crime. Set up your equipments elsewhere, away from areas of potential evidence transfer. Do not use the telephone on the scene. The offender may have used the phone. This evidence that should be seized and processed for fingerprints and other potential transfer evidence also, phone records should be checked for all incoming and outgoing local and long distance calls, as far back as possible. Do not use the television and / VCR at the scene. The offender may have used them, examine buttons for latent prints. Also, cable TV records should be checked both authors have worked cases where the offender has watched TV and / or ordered pornographic movies while waiting for the victim to return home. Do not use the bathroom. The offender may have the bathroom and may have lifted the toilet seat. The toilet should be seized and processed for fingerprints and other potential transfer evidence. Do not smoke, smoking changes smells of the air and results in hot ashes that have the potential to contaminate, melt, or even burn /ignite potential evidence. It also results in discarded cigarettes butts that may be confused as evidence. Do not eat into the crime scene and dropped food could contaminate or obliterate potential evidence. Do not drink. This is destruction and will results in refuse that could find its way into the crime scene and get more potential collected as evidence, also spilled liquids could contaminate or obliterate potential evidence. Do not spit, spitting result in the transfer of biological material into a crime scene. Do not bring civilians to a crime scene. This kind of thing show a lack of respect and professionalism, as well as introducing more potential transfer evidence into the scene and increasing the possibility that evidence may be carelessly contaminated or obliterated. Do not allow your superiors or colleagues to be civilians to a crime scene. Leave sealed containers sealed. Do not open sealed containers and sniff inside to determine the contents by odour. They may contain hazardours or toxic material such anhydrous ammonia, a necessary ingredient, especially the eye, skin, and respiratory tract will cause dehydration, cell destruction, and serve chemical burns. Do not touch pools of liquid in the crime scene. This is TV and movie behaviour done for dramatic effects to sell a scene, it has no place in real Forensic work. If you do not know what something is you think it is important follow the appropriate documentation and collection procedures and submit it to the LAB for analysis. Do not taste anything at the crime scene. This also TV behaviour done for dramatic effect to sell a scene, it has no place in real Forensic work. Do not interview the victim in the place where the attack occurred. This is extremely insensitive and may erode the trust between the victim and the investigator, to say nothing for potentially re-traumatising the victim. Do not leave the crime scene to get something to eat, play lotto, go back to the office, or work on something else, until you are done. Make written notes of everyone in the crime scene and each persons role. That way youll know whom to call later if you need statement. Take written notes of everything in the crime scene that get your attention because nothing is significant to record if it catches ones attention. Do not lead a victim family members from the crime scene through the area where there attack occurred unless there is no other way. Supervisors in charged of the crime scene with reviewing the work of an investigative unit do well to note those issues during performance reviews. They should also measure to ensure that once this kind of mistakes are discovered, they are not related. This can be accomplished by training and by the example set by seasoned investigators. Ignorance of physical evidence and protocol usually starts at the top, with those in charge and finds its way down through the ranks. Savino et al (2005). It is evident that members who attended the crime scene must follow the information guidelines of Savino et al (2005). According to Van Heerden (1982) the scene of crime can clarify, amongst others the following: The position of the deceased body and of various objects in relation to the body, can for example be important indications of the case of death. This means that whether the death is as results of murder, suicide or accident. The direction from which criminal approached the scene of crime and the manner in which the scene was left. The method used to commit the crime. The identity of the victim. The identity of the offender and the nature of his involvement in the crime. In view of the clarification as alluded by VAN HEERDEN (1982) it is important to illustrate how the potential evidence should be recognized, protected, recorded, collected and packaging, labelled or marked, submission for analysis, maintenance of chain of possession of presentation in court. Marais, Rooyen, Pretorius, De Beer, Smith and Mostert (1992) et al provides that the following legal requirements should be critical importance to the investigator. Before physical evidence can be collected it must obviously be recognized. In a murder investigation one usually concentrates on the weapon or object that was used that caused the death. A search is also made here for blood, hair, fibres and tissue in an effort to connect the criminal with the crime scene. Case and common sense should be always prevail with due precaution not to destroy physical evidence that may exist and the guidelines offered in this regard that the scene should be observed in its entirely and notes made of the location of all obvious physical clues, points of entry and exit signs of location (struggle) and the size and share in the area should be restricted and care taken not to destroy or to disturb any evidence during the examination, a suitable search method must be decided upon and during the search of an indoor scene. Special attention should be paid to fragile evidence that may be easily destroyed or contaminated. Places or objects where latent fingerprints may be found and other physical clues to be examined by the experts later need to be seemed. Comprehensive notes should also be made of all stains, spots, liquids and the like which could prove to have evidential value. The scene and surrounding areas must be demarcated off to ensure that valuable physical evidence is not destroyed or damaged by vehicles people or animals. The three main ways in which evidence is recorded are photographs sketches and written notes by the investigator. The photographs provides a permanent record of the object in the evident that subsequent handling alters or destroy it. An example is where attempts to make a plaster of a footprint ruin the impression or a laboratory examination, destroy the evidence an opportunity for the investigator to review the physical evidence in the case without handling the actual objects and opportunity for the officials of the court to examine evidence which is too dangerous, cumbersome or impressions on a door. Rough sketch of the scene is usually drawn by the investigator for the main purpose to indicate the precise location of people and objects involved. Specific measurements of distances on the area, and the exact location of all relevant evidence. The investigators notes contain the complete records of all evidence collected on the crime scene. Documentation of where and how the evidence was obtained, every items collected should be entered in the notes, the date, time, exact location and circumstances of how each item of evidence was obtained, should be included as well as a full description of it and how the evidence was marked Van Heerden (1982). Collection and packaging of the physical evidence provides that great care must be taken to collect all objects and samples intact, uncontaminated, un-mutilated and it should be borne in mind that to satisfy legal requirements related to its introduction at a judicial proceeding, the investigator must be able to identify each piece of evidence, even years after it was collected, described the location and condition of the item at the time it was collected. Assist in establishing that, from the time of its collection until presentation in court, the evidence was continuously in proper custody and assist in describing any changes which may have occurred in the evidence between the time of collection and the subsequent introduction as evidence in court and the adherence to correct packaging techniques is essential. Faulty packaging can result in contamination, evaporation, scratching, binding, damaging and general loss of physical evidence. Packaging and the packaging material must be o f such quality that evidence do not move about and get damaged during the following process: The investigator should mark each item as soon as possible after discovered. The basic information on the label should include : type of evidence (fibres, hair, metal drillings, soil etc) date and time of day evidence samples were collected, case number, exhibit number or other identifying number and source from which the sample was obtained that is victim s shirt, collar, front doorknob, left headlight or automobile etc. Preservation of the integrity of physical evidence is a continuous responsibility from the time it is discovered until the time it is presented in court or until the final settlement of the case determines its description. Preservation implies maintaining the evidence without altering tampering, contamination, loss or injury, physical evidence. Preservation involves forwarding to the laboratory for examination and analysis, obtaining it from the laboratory and keeping it safe under lock and key where it cannot be tampered with until it is delivered in court. In submission of physical evidence for analysis, only physical evidence that has a bearing on the committed crime should be send to the laboratory. No restriction is placed on the nature and number of samples. The chances of success are usually personally enhanced by the more samples that are received. Physical evidence is usually personally delivered to the laboratory or sent by post or trial. It is sometimes necessary for the c rime investigator to personally deliver physical evidence to the laboratory. In practice the method of delivery is determined by the distance from the laboratory, the seriousness of the case and the size of the physical evidence to mark all exhibits clearly that is the station case number e.g. exhibit A seal all exhibits with legible seal number, the full addresses of the sender and the Forensic Science Laboratory must appear on each parcel and a covering minute in duplicate must accompany each exhibit with the requirement that two(2) covering minutes must accompany each individual parcel Van Heerden (1982). With maintenance of the chain of possession, continuity of possession, that is the continuous safekeeping and identification of physical evidence, is essentially important in the individualisation when the crime investigator fails to properly identify or safe keep samples, that is, objects or items found at the crime scene or in possession f the perpetrator, it lowers the value of laboratory analysis to a minimum. The integrity of physical evidence is often questioned by the defence in court. The correct methods applied during collection, marking and packaging of evidence may nullified if account cannot be given of the persons who handled evaluated or safeguard the samples in order to preserve the integrity of physical evidence to limit the number of individuals who handle the evidence from the time it is found to the time it is presented in court. If the evidence leaves once possession, records in your notes to whom it was given in time and date, the reason for being given to anothe r and when and by whom it was returned, ensure that the persons handling the evidence affix their names, force number and assignment to the package. Obtain a signed receipt from the person accepting the evidence when the evidence in returned, check for your identification